Refuge in Turkey: How Atatürk Sheltered Nazi-Era Scientists
In the early 1930s, Europe was entering one of its darkest periods. With Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, Nazi policies rapidly targeted Jews, intellectuals, and political dissidents. Among those most at risk were leading scientists, suddenly dismissed from their positions and threatened with imprisonment. It was in this climate of fear that Professor Philipp Schwartz fled to Switzerland and …